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Rosa Luxemburg at 150: No “Harmless Icon”
Rosa Luxemburg was born on March 5, 1871. She is often presented as a pacifist, a democrat, and an opponent ... -
Kautsky, Luxemburg, and Lenin in Light of the German Revolution
What can socialists today learn from Karl Kautsky? To answer this question, we need to see how his theories held ... -
Communism Made in Germany
100 years ago, Germany was an epicenter of communism. The Communist Party of Germany (KPD) had up to 300,000 members. ... -
100 Years Ago in Berlin: The Bitter Lesson of a Defeat
The Social Democrats and the military prepared to crush the revolution. A big majority of the working class desired socialism ... -
100 Years Ago in Berlin: Revolution and Counterrevolution in Germany
In the first days of the German Revolution, workers’ and soldiers’ councils formed across Germany. The Social Democrats allied with ... -
100 Years Ago in Berlin: German Revolutionaries Step on the Grass
According to an old joke, Germans will never make a revolution because that would require stepping on the grass. Yet ... -
‘The Workers Invented a Concept for Socialist Transformation’
On November 9, 1918, the revolution began in Germany. We spoke with historian Ralf Hoffrogge about the role of the ...